This leads to their inability to fund or raise funds for campaigning. The most prominent barrier is that women generally have limited access to financial resources and clientelist networks. Despite efforts to increase demand for nominating female candidates within parties, existing affirmative policies have yet to address structural barriers to women’s participation in politics. Yet questions remains about women’s substantive representation. Though progress is happening gradually, these affirmative action policies appear to be pushing the fight to promote women’s representation. It was followed by the implementation of the ‘zipper system’ - which aims to avoid placing female candidates at the bottom of the electoral list, where voters tend to overlook them. This breakthrough appears to be the payoff from women’s activists’ struggle to make the 30 per cent female candidate quota mandatory. This is the highest proportion of female legislators elected in Indonesia since its New Order era. During the last election in 2019, the number of women elected to national parliament reached 20.9 per cent. The long-awaited elections will also be critical in the fight for women’s political issues. Though the poll is set for next year, the hype has already crept up, primarily because campaigning will begin during 2023. Indonesia, the fourth most populous nation and third-largest democracy, is scheduled to hold its presidential and legislative elections on 14 February 2024. Economics, Politics and Public Policy in East Asia and the PacificĪuthors: Hening Wikan, SMERU Research Institute and Dias Prasongko, Universitas Gadjah Mada
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